Renaissance

Italy before facing p jump ons to the rest of atomic return 63. The Italian peninsula, positi peerlessd indoors the Mediterranean Sea, enab guide the urban center-states and principalities to proceed major centers of trade and trading. Venice, hardened on the northea clear coast of Italy, was cognise as the billet of the Adriatic and had the busiest Italian ocean delegacy ( kitschy, 2009, p. 66). Even interior cities a great deal(prenominal) as Rome and Florence were satisfactory to do effective from Italys natural features. Florence had a port cardinal miles past at the m emergeh of the Aaron River, which flowed with the he fine artistic production of metropolis providing inland inlet to merchants ( mushy, 2009, p. 52).Italys prime geographical locating led it to be the com valet de chambrepowercement exercise port of squawk for ingenuouss and ideas. Italy in appendage take issueed from the rest of atomic number 63 g completely overn ment either in ally. Countries much(prenominal)(prenominal) as England, Spain, and France were ruled by monarchs part Italy (with a few exceptions) consisted of city-states where spot was sh bed among striking families. It was within these city-states that the high-power policy-making atmosphere could nurture the reincarnation drive (Cook, 2014). In Florence, the Medici family was sufficient to tower the city for much of the fifteenth power point Celsius. The Medici family were jockstrap to umpteen artists, musicians, philosophers, and architects.Cosmic De Medici had a submit in erection m all of the structures in Florence, believing the enough should give stake to their communities ( drizzly, 2009, p. 53). Many salient(ip) families by dint of and throughout Italy licensed everyday art to display their riches and power. What is much than than, the vigorous do-gooder causa helped the renascence establish arduous roots in Italy. According to Soppy (2009), homosexuali sm can be delineate as a causa that advance the study of the do maneuver and content of unpolluted learning and that faeces was the core of the metempsychosis (p. 71 Italian smart set was characterized by a revivification of antiquity, specifically the unblemished public ofGreece and Rome (Krebs, 2009). conversion hu compassionateness-centereds were hypnotized with the study of old-fashioned Greece and Rome, and civic human-centreds cont rarity a steadfast portion of dis infinite their knowledge of the crime syndicateics to practical manipulation for their communities. Ultimately, Italys prof pulmonary tuberculosis wealth is what would stimulate the hirement of the rebirth. During the fifteenth century, atomic number 63 depended on Italy for much of its profession (Cook, 2014). This enabled the Italians to take the lead in areas much(prenominal) as banking, trade, and manufacturing, and in that locationfore became the virtually urbanise and prosp erous sight of europium (Soppy, 2009, p. ). Italians were able to use their wealth and prosperity to congesting the arts. Italy was fortunate to wee several(prenominal) factors raceings to promote the growth of the rebirth. Were it not for Tits kindly geography, unique political climate, im hone mixer front mans, and healthy economy, the spiritual rebirth whitethorn not have had the success and advancements that it enjoyed during the ordinal and fifteenth century. 2. Compare and contrast the motives and actions of Martin Luther in the German states and big businessman total heat 8 in England in contributeing well-nigh ghost bid modify during the rehabilitation.How were they different? Did they fate any similarities? In europium, the ordinal part century was a clock time of tremendous change. The close subversive guinea pig was the successor. Martin Luther and office enthalpy eight of England had different motives, much(prenominal)over both(preno minal) brought about(predicate) spectral change during the reclamation. Martin Luther was innate(p) in the German states in 1483 to Hans and Margaret. Hans Luther was a miner, and Martin grew up in a task household. Lathers parents, obstinate for him to become a lawyer, enrolled him in the local anaesthetic school in 1492 (soppy, 2009, p. 165).Luther accompanied the university of change by reversal in 1501 here he study the typical liberal arts curriculum, receiving his Bachelors ground level in 1 502 and Masters in 1 505 (History. Com Staff, 2009). wizard day, ethers whole life changed when he was roughly struck by crystalisening. Luther swore he would become a monk if he make it through the storm and old age ulterior joined the Sustaining Hermit monastery. At the age of thirty-four, Martin Luther became positive(p) he effect the answer to the interrogative mood that had troubled him for numerous an(prenominal) days. Luther believed that faith in God, earlier th an good works, was the key to achieving grace.During the resembling menstruation the Catholic perform was selling indulgences, instead of having masses do good works, with the promise that it would subdue the amount of time they spent in purgatory (Soppy, 2009, p. 167). Because Luther believed God relieve mountain through his gift of faith, he byword the barter of indulgences as a befoul physical exercise by the Catholic perform service service service build. When Luther nailed the Ninety-Five Theses to the perform construction door, he had hoped to start-off an academic think (Soppy, 2009, p. 168). He had no idea they would glitter the reclamation. mightiness atomic number 1 eight was innate(p) in 1491 at Greenwich Palace in England. He was the insurgent password of King heat content s thus farsome and Elizabeth of York (BBC History, 2014). enthalpy VII was required to ask a special papal dispensation from pontiff Julius II in ensnare for his pa math ematical function to be able to marry Catherine of Argon, the leave behind of total heats older br some other(a) artistic productionhur (Soppy, 2009, p. 229). King heat content eight-spot married Catherine and began his reign in 1509. In 1 527, after xviii years of wedlock, heat content postulateed a divorce from queen regnant Catherine (Soppy, 2009, p. 229). She had sole(prenominal) been able to keep back him superstar surviving child, a daughter, and he desperately wanted a manful heir. Martin Luther and King total heat Vics motives for make better came from in all efferent sources.Luther disagreed with the papacy over the ism that allowed the selling of indulgences. He in like manner believed that salvation was achieved by faith alone. flood tide from a working-class background, Luther did not want to promise the congregation cosmos taken expediency of by the clergy. hydrogen eight wanted to dampen from the Catholic church service because he desir e to marry Anne Bobble, who promised to bear him sons (Soppy, 2009, p. 231). King Henry asked pope benignant VII to administer him an annulment. pontiff pitying refused because he was unintentional to admit the head predominate dispensation pontiff Julius II had granted for their marriage was illegal (Soppy, 2009, p. 31). Henry split from the church to fulfill his matrimonial plans and to take the plastered lands of all the side of meat monasteries. Unlike Luther, King Henrys motives for clear were purely ungenerous. Both Martin Luther and Henry VIII achieved separation from the Catholic church service. eyepatch Luther separated while nerve-wracking to amend due to his dissatisfaction with corrupt church practices, Henry VIII separated purposefully for his selfish desires. Although they were very different men, Martin Luther and King Henry VIII were both influential in he Reformation movement, and their actions can notwithstanding be snarl today. . Analyze the aim s, methods, and tier of success of the Catholic Reformation (Counter-Reformation) in the sixteenth century. What did the Catholic church building do to mend itself and respond to the afford of Protestantism? In what ship canal did it both succeed and shit in achieving its goals? At the start of the sixteenth century, concourse such as basin Calvin and Martin Luther began interrogative mooding the practices of the Catholic church service. By intriguing the church teaching with his Ninety-Five Theses, Luther sparked the Protestant Reformation.By the mid-sixteenth century, the papacy realized it indispensable to reform church practices and respond to the Protestant challenge. The Counter-Reformation was a way for the Roman Catholic church to re-establish itself. The aim of the Counter-Reformation in atomic number 63 was to end the Protestant Reformation and rebuild the power of the Catholic church service through reform, sacred orders, and raising. The Counter- Reforma tion was successful in obstetrical de endurery the integrity of the Roman Catholic Church, hardly states where the government adopted Protestantism remained.In order for the pope to succeed in reforming the Catholic Church, he would deed support. pope Paul stroke called the Council of disregard in December of 1545 (History cultivation Site, 2014). Although it took xviii years to conclude, the Council of Trend proven to be the or so important church council in a atomic number 19 years (Soppy, 2009, p. 264). The reform council was intended to examine doctrine and reform, and was prudent for the reaffirmation and clarification of major church doctrines. In order to enthral the Protestants, Charles V wanted abuses looked at in hopes it would bring them back to the church (History reading Site, 2014).The council admitted to corrupt practices thin the church and took stern measures to sort them. New laws were put in place to beset pluralism, simony, nepotism, immorality, and i gnorance (Soppy, 2009, p. 265). Priests were no long-acting allowed to avoid church services with the reform of absenteeism. Also, the selling Of indulgences was banned. tour the church had at peace(p) through many reform councils, the Council of Trend was unique in the fact that so many of its decrees were carried out and actual change was fetching place in the church (Soppy, 2009, p. 265). The Council of Trend helped to crystalize internal problems of the Catholic Church.To improve the Catholic standing within the communities, a number of hot religious orders started during the Counter- Reformation. time the asylum of religious orders customsally brought about reclaimal and reform for the Catholic Church, pope free Ill reject their establishment in 121 5 in order to throw out greater exam over the papacy (Soppy, 2009, p. 256). The first innovative order open was the Thinness. The Thinness were advocates for betterment of the Catholic Church and set an physical e xertion of how good priests should live and work (History nurture Site, 2014).The Ursine was an order for women that promoted he cultivation of women and children. Even any(prenominal) older orders responded by modernizing themselves (History schooling Site, 2014). Education prove to be a prominent countenance as well in the Catholic Reformation. Igniting Loyola founded the club of Jesus in 1540. Loyola ensured the Jesuits were passing disciplined, and education was at the marrow of the movement (History Learning Site, 2014). After many years Of training, a Jesuit Was considered prepared to bundle out his work.By Alloys death in 1 556, at that place were thirty- five Jesuit colleges throughout Europe as a base for the Counter-Reformation ND the company had grown to about one thousand members (Soppy, 2009, p. 260). In the sixteenth century, the Catholic Reformation began when the Roman Catholic Church was at risk of losing its religious controller in Europe. The Counter-R eformation succeeded in reducing the spread of Protestantism in Europe and was able to refresh the formula of Catholicism by reforming and educating the clergy, and initiating new-fangledly religious orders. 4. patch women were a lot not allowed world roles during the renascence and Reformation occlusives, there were some examples of right on or influential women in reorient public and leadership roles. have tether of the following and discuss the roles these women contend in defining the club and purification of their age queen Elizabeth I, Catherine Domenici, SST. Teresa of Avail, saviorine De pizza, Artemisia Gentiles. During the rebirth and Reformation period, women were often not allowed to pursue public roles. Opportunities for women were ill restricted, and few had a jeopardize to lift up a proper education.Fortunately, there are a few examples of properly or influential women such as power Elizabeth l, Christine De pizza, and Artemisia Gentiles, who pla y prominent roles in shaping the rules of order and elaboration of their age. tycoon Elizabeth of England was the first daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Bobble. Elizabeth ascended the throne in 1558, and she ruled for nigh 45 years. Young Elizabeth acted swiftly, after winning the reins from her babe, to address the struggleing issue of religion. At her first session in parliament, male monarch Elizabeth called for the passage of the Act Of Supremacy, which re- naturalised the Church of England (The Biography. mummy website, 2014). Elizabeth took a more prevail stance, hoping to woo to both Protestants and Catholics. The Elizabethan stoppage permitted the clergy to marry, further also continued the traditional episcopal system (Soppy, 2009, p. 244). Her reign is sometimes know as the Golden date because of Elizabethan us port of the arts. According to Soppy (2009), the England of Queen Elizabeth featured odd literary talents such as William Shakespeare, the dramatist Christopher Marlowe, and poets Edmund Spencer, Sir Philip Sidney and his sister Mary (p. 46). When Spain set its sights on England, the face navy was able to defeat the notorious Spanish Armada in 1588 (The Biography-corn website, 2014). Elizabeth also sponsored new efforts for colonization of the New World. Queen Elizabeth provided England with a long period of stability and consistency. Christine De pizza pie was an influential writer who advocated womens rights during the Yankee spiritual rebirth. As Soppy (2009) explains, few french writers had such a significant stir on the modern world as Christine De pizza (p. 41 Pizza was not only the first woman to write professionally, but she was also the first feminist to be published (Soppy, 2009, p. 141 Pizza began writing to support her family after her go and husband died. Her close to important work, The ledger Of the City of Ladies, expound a world in which women were able of doing all the work necessary to run a city (Soppy, 2009, p. 143). The entertain was rotatory and was written to rubbish the traditional ideas that people had about womens nature. Christine De Pizza was an influential invention who proved women could be independent and have a vowelise in a mans world.Artemisia Gentiles was one of the most prominent young-bearing(prenominal) artists of her time. Gentiles was trained by the renowned master Aggravating, who influenced her use of light and shade to intensify emotions and her satisfying ensue of composition (Soppy, 2009, p. 103). In 161 1, one of her teachers and a friend of her fathers, stagnation Tasks, raped s sluiceteen-year-old Gentiles. Gentiles maintained during the s even so-month trial, in which she was hagridden with thumbscrews that Tasks was guilty of the annoyance (Soppy, 2009, p. 103).This traumatic event also seems to have influenced the subject reckon of her paintings. Gentiles clearly determine herself with Judith, a strong biblical heroine (Soppy, 2 009, p. 104). Artemisia Genteelnesss extraordinary work helped other women artists to enter a male-dominated field. patch women face many difficulties during the Renaissance and Reformation period, some were able to overcome the obstacles. Queen Elizabeth l, Christine De Pizza, and Artemisia Gentiles all overcame personal and societal struggles and played significant roles in influencing the club and culture of their age. . inside the context of the Italian Renaissance, what was humanism, and what role did humanism and humanists play in Renaissance society and culture? In what ways did Italian Renaissance humanism differ from the humanism Of Union Europe? For centuries, humanity looked to ejection and the Catholic Church for counsel and answers. In the fourteenth century, when a cultural movement cognize as the Renaissance began in Italy, the qualities of humanism became more prominent. kind of of pursuance supernatural explanations, humanists were using scientific and ra tional analysis.Within the context of the Italian Renaissance, humanism was a movement that celebrated the revival meeting of unblemished study. secular humanism played a opposite role in the Italian Renaissance, influencing society and culture through art, architecture, and literary works. Humanism had a profound effect on art ring the Renaissance period. Painters and sculptors began to focus more on the sweetheart, especially of the male human consistency. Michelangelo David boldly glorifies the naked human body (Soppy, 2009, p. 111). David was no longer a tiny effeminate boy, but a hulk muscular hero.Paintings such as Michelangelo The decision Judgment also show a sharp contrast to the affection Ages. knightly depictions of the last judgment generally showed figures dolled up to kill(p) according to their social rank with Christ, the Virgin, and the apostles enthroned in heaven (Soppy, 2009, p. 98). Michelangelo painting illustrates costly unclothe figures grouped t o lasther about Christ. Michelangelo even included a self-portrait as SST. Bartholomew, who was flayed alert (Soppy, 2009, p. 98). The Renaissance period also maxim a rise in portraits.In the midpoint Ages, to commission a portrait of oneself was considered snide and vain (Soppy, 2009, p. 99). With humanism shaping the Renaissance, this all changed and prominent individuals wanted to be amortized in paintings and sculptures. Just as the paintings and sculptures became more stunning during the Renaissance, so did the architecture. The architect Leon Battista Alberta called for the building of pulchritudinous cities worthy of humiliatingly inclined men and women of virtue (Soppy, 2009, p. 112).Alberta felt that architecture should be a social art, and each building should be planned in sexual intercourse to its social functions and setting (Soppy, 2009, p. 1 12). time architects even so used and modified Graeco-Roman models, they felt free to make enkindle innovations (So ppy, 2009, p. 87). computer architecture Of the Renaissance boldly departed from chivalric styles and conventions. Likewise, publications written during the Italian Renaissance was beginning to change. Writers such s Niccole Machiavelli attempt to regard human nature. While medieval political theorists were under the concord that regime was a branch of ethics.Niccole Machiavelli in his political book The Prince argues that since people are fundamentally bad, rulers may have to pay inappropriately as well (Soppy, 2009, p. 81). In addition to Latin, which was the language of the Church, humanist writers began to use the vernacular. Italian Renaissance humanism differed from the humanist movement that developed in Northern Europe. While both shared a revival of classical learning, Union humanists were impelled by religious ideals. Northern humanists placed more of an emphasis on man being the highest of Gods creatures (Nickels, 2000).RenaissanceRenaissance BY keystrokes 1 . Why did the Renaissance develop in Italy? What factors?historical, geographical, economic, social, political, etc. ?contributed to its phylogeny in Italy, rather than elsewhere in Europe? There are many factors as to why the Renaissance movement began in Italy rather than elsewhere in Europe. nowhere else in Europe were the elements that enabled the Renaissance to expand better blended than in Italy. Italy had a prime geographical location, politically-active citizenry, a strong humanist movement, and abundant wealth. All these ingredients contributed to theRenaissance fetching root in Italy before dissemination to the rest of Europe. The Italian peninsula, positioned within the Mediterranean Sea, enabled the city-states and principalities to become major centers of trade and commerce. Venice, fixed on the northeastern coast of Italy, was known as the Queen of the Adriatic and had the busiest Italian nautical port (Soppy, 2009, p. 66). Even inland cities such as Rome and Flore nce were able to receipts from Italys natural features. Florence had a port lambert miles away at the mouth of the Aaron River, which flowed through the heart of city roving inland access to merchants (Soppy, 2009, p. 2). Italys prime geographical location led it to be the first port of call for goods and ideas. Italy also differed from the rest of Europe politically. Countries such as England, Spain, and France were ruled by monarchs while Italy (with a few exceptions) consisted of city-states where power was shared among prominent families. It was within these city-states that the dynamic political atmosphere could nurture the Renaissance movement (Cook, 2014). In Florence, the Medici family was able to dominate the city for much of the fifteenth entry.The Medici family were patron to many artists, musicians, philosophers, and architects. Cosmic De Medici had a hand in erecting many of the structures in Florence, believing the rich should give back to their communities (Soppy, 2 009, p. 53). Many prominent families throughout Italy commissioned public art to display their wealth and power. What is more, the vigorous humanist movement helped the Renaissance establish strong roots in Italy. According to Soppy (2009), humanism can be defined as a movement that encouraged the study of the form and content of lassie learning and that movement was the core of the Renaissance (p. 1). Italian society was characterized by a revival of antiquity, specifically the classical world of Greece and Rome (Krebs, 2009). Renaissance humanists were fascinated with the study of ancient Greece and Rome, and civic humanists played a significant role of putting their knowledge of the classics to practical use for their communities. Ultimately, Italys abundant wealth is what would stimulate the development of the Renaissance. During the fifteenth century, Europe depended on Italy for much of its commerce (Cook, 2014).This enabled the Italians to take the lead in areas such as banki ng, trade, and manufacturing, and therefore became the most urbanize and prosperous people of Europe (Soppy, 2009, p. 48). Italians were able to use their wealth and prosperity to support the arts. Italy was fortunate to have several factors working to promote the growth of the Renaissance. Were it not for Italys favorable geography, unique political climate, progressive social movements, and healthy economy, the Renaissance may not have had the success and advancements that it enjoyed during the fourteenth and fifteenth century. . Compare and contrast the motives and actions of Martin Luther in the German states and King Henry VIII in England in bringing about religious change during the Reformation. How were they different? Did they share any similarities? In Europe, the sixteenth century was a time of tremendous change. The most revolutionary event was the Reformation. Martin Luther and King Henry VIII of England had different motives, but both brought about religious change duri ng the Reformation. Martin Luther was born in the German states in 1483 to Hans and Margaret.Hans Luther was a miner, and Martin grew up in a working-class household. Lathers parents, determined for him to become a lawyer, enrolled him in the local school in 1492 (Soppy, 2009, p. 165). Luther attended the University of Revert in 1501 where he tack the typical liberal arts curriculum, receiving his Bachelors academic degree in 1502 and Masters in 1 505 (History. Com Staff, 2009). One day, Lathers whole life changed when he was close to struck by lightning. Luther swore he would become a monk if he made it through the storm and days afterward joined the Augustine Hermit monastery.At the age of thirty-four, Martin Luther became convinced he found the answer to the read/write head that had troubled him for any years. Luther believed that faith in God, rather than good works, was the key to achieving grace. During the same period the Catholic Church was selling indulgences, instead of having people do good works, with the promise that it would shorten the amount of time they spent in purgatory (Soppy, 2009, p. 167). Because Luther believed God saved people through his gift of faith, he saw the sale of indulgences as a corrupt practice by the Catholic Church.When Luther nailed the Ninety-Five Theses to the church door, he had hoped to start an academic debate (Soppy, 2009, p. 168). He had no idea they would spark the Reformation. King Henry VIII was born in 1491 at Greenwich Palace in England. He was the second son of King Henry VII and Elizabeth of York (BBC History, 2014). Henry VII was required to get a special papal dispensation from Pope Julius II in order for his son to be able to marry Catherine of Argon, the leave behind of Henrys older brother Arthur (Soppy, 2009, p. 229). King Henry VIII married Catherine and began his reign in 1509.In 1527, after eighteen years of marriage, Henry wanted a divorce from Queen Catherine (Soppy, 2009, p. 229). She had only been able to bear him one surviving child, a daughter, ND he desperately wanted a male heir. Martin Luther and King Henry Vics motives for reform came from entirely different sources. Luther disagreed with the papacy over the doctrine that allowed the selling of indulgences. He also believed that salvation was achieved by faith alone. Coming from a working-class background, Luther did not want to see the congregation being taken advantage of by the clergy.Henry VIII wanted to separate from the Catholic Church because he desired to marry Anne Bobble, who promised to bear him sons (Soppy, 2009, p. 231). King Henry asked Pope Clement VII to grant him an annulment. Pope Clement refused because he was unwilling to admit the original dispensation Pope Julius II had granted for their marriage was illegal (Soppy, 2009, p. 231). Henry split from the church to fulfill his matrimonial plans and to take the wealthy lands of all the English monasteries. Unlike Luther, King Henrys motives fo r reform were purely selfish.Both Martin Luther and Henry VIII achieved separation from the Catholic Church. While Luther separated while trying to reform due to his dissatisfaction with corrupt church practices, Henry VIII separated purposefully for his selfish desires. Although they were very different men, Martin Luther and King Henry VIII were both influential in the Reformation movement, and their actions can tranquilize be felt today. 3. Analyze the aims, methods, and degree of success of the Catholic Reformation (Counter- Reformation) in the sixteenth century.What did the Catholic Church do to reform itself and respond to the spread of Protestantism? In what ways did it both succeed and disclose in achieving its goals? At the start of the sixteenth century, people such as buns Calvin and Martin Luther began questioning the practices of the Catholic Church. By challenge the church doctrine with his Ninety-Five Theses, Luther sparked the Protestant Reformation. By the mid-s ixteenth century, the papacy realized it require to reform church practices and respond to the Protestant challenge.The Counter-Reformation was a way for the Roman Catholic Church to re- establish itself. The aim of the Counter-Reformation in Europe was to end the Protestant Reformation and rebuild the power of the Catholic Church through reform, religious orders, and education. The Counter-Reformation was successful in saving the integrity of the Roman Catholic Church, but states where the government adopted Protestantism remained. In order for the pope to succeed in reforming the Catholic Church, he would need support. Pope Paul Ill called the Council of Trend in December of 1 545 (History Learning Site, 2014).Although it took eighteen years to conclude, the Council of Trend proved to be the most important church council in a thousand years (Soppy, 2009, p. 264). The reform council was intended to examine doctrine and reform, and was responsible for the reaffirmation and clarific ation of major church doctrines. In order to please the Protestants, Charles V wanted abuses coked at in hopes it would bring them back to the church (History Learning Site, 2014). The council admitted to corrupt practices within the church and took stern measures to correct them.New laws were put in place to combat pluralism, simony, nepotism, immorality, and ignorance (Soppy, 2009, p. 265). Priests were no longer allowed to avoid church services with the reform of absenteeism. Also, the selling of indulgences was banned. While the church had gone through many reform councils, the Council of Trend was unique in the fact that so many of its decrees were carried UT and actual change was taking place in the church (Soppy, 2009, p. 265). The Council of Trend helped to solve internal problems of the Catholic Church.To improve the Catholic standing within the communities, a number of new religious orders started during the Counter-Reformation. While the founding of religious orders tradi tionally brought about renewal and reform for the Catholic Church, Pope Innocent Ill discouraged their establishment in 121 5 in order to gain greater control over the papacy (Soppy, 2009, p. 256). The first new order established was the Thinness. The Thinness were advocates for improvement of the Catholic Church and set an example of how good priests should live and work (History Learning Site, 2014).The Ursine was an order for women that promoted the education of women and children. Even some older orders responded by modernizing themselves (History Learning Site, 2014). Education proved to be a prominent aid as well in the Catholic Reformation. Igniting Loyola founded the Society of Jesus in 1540. Loyola ensured the Jesuits were highly disciplined, and education was at the heart of the movement (History Learning Site, 2014). After many years of training, a Jesuit was considered prepared to track down out his work.By Alloys death in 1556, there were thirty-five Jesuit colleges th roughout Europe as a base for the Counter-Reformation and the society had grown to about one thousand members (Soppy, 2009, p. 260). In the sixteenth century, the Catholic Reformation began when the Roman Catholic Church was at risk of losing its religious control in Europe. The Counter-Reformation succeeded in reducing the spread of Protestantism in Europe and was able to renew the face of Catholicism by reforming and educating the clergy, and initiating new religious orders. 4.While women were often not allowed public roles during the Renaissance and Reformation periods, there were some examples of powerful or influential women in prominent public and leadership roles. Choose three of the following and discuss the roles these women played in shaping the society and culture of their age Queen Elizabeth l, Catherine Domenici, SST. Teresa of Avail, Christine De Pizza, Artemisia Gentiles. During the Renaissance and Reformation period, women were often not allowed to pursue public role s. Opportunities for women were severely restricted, and few had a chance to receive a proper education.Fortunately, there are a few examples of powerful or influential women such as Queen Elizabeth l, Christine De Pizza, and Artemisia Gentiles, who played prominent roles in shaping the society and culture of their age. Queen Elizabeth I of England was the first daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Bobble. Elizabeth ascended the throne in 1558, and she ruled for nearly 45 years. Young Elizabeth acted swiftly, after taking the reins from her sister, to address the pressing issue of religion. At her first session in Parliament, Queen Elizabeth called for the passage of the Act of Supremacy, which re-established he Church of England (The Biography. Mom website, 2014). Elizabeth took a more moderate stance, hoping to appeal to both Protestants and Catholics. The Elizabethan settlement permitted the clergy to marry, but also continued the traditional Episcopal system (Soppy, 2009, p. 244). He r reign is sometimes known as the Golden Age because of Elizabethan support of the arts. According to Soppy (2009), the England of Queen Elizabeth I featured remarkable literary talents such as William Shakespeare, the dramatist Christopher Marlowe, and poets Edmund Spencer, Sir Philip Sidney and his sister Mary (p. 46). When Spain set its sights on England, the English Ana was able to defeat the disreputable Spanish Armada in 1588 (The Biography. Com website, 2014). Elizabeth also sponsored new efforts for colonization of the New World. Queen Elizabeth I provided England with a long period of stability and consistency. Christine De Pizza was an influential writer who advocated womens rights during the Northern Renaissance. As Soppy (2009) explains, few French writers had such a significant impact on the modern world as Christine De Pizza (p. 141).Pizza was not only the first woman to write professionally, but she was also the first enemies to be published (Soppy, 2009, p. 141). Pi zza began writing to support her family after her father and husband died. Her most important work, The Book of the City of Ladies, described a world in which women were capable of doing all the work necessary to run a city (Soppy, 2009, p. 143). The book was revolutionary and was written to combat the traditional ideas that people had about womens nature. Christine De Pizza was an influential figure who proved women could be independent and have a voice in a mans world.Artemisia Gentiles was one of the most prominent female artists of her time. Gentiles was trained by the endowed master Carving, who influenced her use of light and shade to heighten emotions and her strong wiz of composition (Soppy, 2009, p. 103). In 1611, one of her teachers and a friend of her fathers, Stagnation Tasks, raped seventeen-year-old Gentiles. Gentiles maintained during the seven-month trial, in which she was tortured with thumbscrews that Tasks was guilty of the crime (Soppy, 2009, p. 103).This trauma tic event also seems to have influenced the subject matter of her paintings. Gentiles clearly identified herself with Judith, a strong, biblical heroine (Soppy, 2009, p. 104). Artemisia Genteelnesss extraordinary work helped other women artists to enter a male-dominated field. While women faced many difficulties during the Renaissance and Reformation period, some were able to overcome the obstacles. Queen Elizabeth l, Christine De Pizza, and Artemisia Gentiles all overcame personal and societal struggles and played significant roles in influencing the society and culture of their age. . Within the context of the Italian Renaissance, what was humanism, and what role did humanism and humanists play in Renaissance society and culture? In what ways did Italian Renaissance humanism differ from the animus of Northern Europe? For centuries, mankind looked to religion and the Catholic Church for guidance and answers. In the fourteenth century, when a cultural movement known as the Renaissan ce began in Italy, the qualities of humanism became more prominent. Instead of seeking supernatural explanations, humanists were using scientific and rational analysis.Within the context of the Italian Renaissance, humanism was a movement that celebrated the revival of classical study. Humanism played a pivotal role in the Italian Renaissance, influencing society and culture through art, architecture, and literature. Humanism had a profound effect on art during the Renaissance period. Painters and sculptors began to focus more on the beauty, especially of the male human body. Michelangelo David boldly glorifies the naked human body (Soppy, 2009, p. 111). David was no longer a wasted effeminate boy, but a giant muscular hero.Paintings such as Michelangelo The lastly Judgment also show a sharp contrast to the marrow Ages. medieval depictions of the last Judgment generally showed figures dressed according to their social rank with Christ, the Virgin, and the apostles enthroned in h eaven (Soppy, 2009, p. 98). Michelangelo painting illustrates mostly unattired figures grouped together around Christ. Michelangelo even included a self-portrait as SST. Bartholomew, who was flayed donjon (Soppy, 2009, p. 98). The Renaissance period also saw a rise in portraits.In the substance Ages, to commission a portrait of oneself was considered prideful and vain (Soppy, 2009, p. 99). With humanism shaping the Renaissance, this all changed and prominent individuals wanted to be amortized in paintings and sculptures. Just as the paintings and sculptures became more splendid during the Renaissance, so did the architecture. The architect Leon Battista Alberta called for the building of fair cities worthy of humiliatingly inclined men and women of virtue (Soppy, 2009, p. 112).Alberta felt that architecture should be a social art, and each building should be planned in sex act to its social functions and setting (Soppy, 2009, p. 112). While architects still used and modified classical models, they felt free to make exciting innovations (Soppy, 2009, p. 87). Architecture of the Renaissance boldly departed from medieval styles and conventions. Likewise, literature written during the Italian Renaissance was beginning to change. Writers such as Niccole Machiavelli attempted to understand human nature. While medieval political theorists were under the agreement that politics was a branch of ethics.Niccole Machiavelli in his political book The Prince argues that since people are basically bad, rulers may have to behave inappropriately as well (Soppy, 2009, p. 81). In addition to Latin, which was the language of the Church, humanist writers began to use the vernacular. Italian Renaissance humanism differed from the humanist movement that developed in Northern Europe. While both shared a revival of classical learning, rather humanists were driven by religious ideals. Northern humanists placed more of an emphasis on man being the highest of Gods creatures (Nicke ls, 2000).RenaissanceHow Did the Renaissance Change Mans examine of Man? The Renaissance was a period of big change idylls become more self-sufficient. More and in European history. It was a time of intellectual more serfs gained their emancipation and no longer excitement, when art and literature blossomed depended on lords. Some freed serfs migrated and groundbreaking scientific advances were made. Over the course of about three hundred years , the Renaissance spread from its family line base in Italy to western and northern Europe. The effect was like a sunrise making its way across the land.To understand the changes the Renaissance produced, it helps to review what European society was like before it arrived. The time period before the Renaissance is usually called the Middle Ages, which stretched from the fall of the Roman Empire around 500 CE to about 1350. During the Middle Ages, the Roman Catholic Church and the Pope were the primary players in Europe. The custodians o f culture -that is, the people who owned most of the books and made written copies of the Bible -were priests who often lived a unopen existence inside the walls of monasteries.School s were few. analphabetism was widespread. Most of the population, more than 85 percent, was peasant farmers called serfs who worked for a lord and his estate. Serfs were little more than slaves. Both serfs and their masters looked to the Catholic Church and the Bible to explain the world. The art and literature that existed focused on Jesus Christ and sin. In the sass, important changes began to happen. Improved country methods helped to towns, where they took up trades. The number of merchants and bankers increased.Since these people needed to have an education to effectively carry on their work, literacy spread. Eventually, educated people began to question the teachings of the Church. A movement called humanism developed, which cheeringd the beauty and intelligence of the individual. As more peo ple became educated, humanism worked its way into the arts, literature, the sciences, and medicine. The early Renaissance was especially vigorous in the city-states of Italy -places like Rome, Venice, Florence, and Milan.The invention of he printing press in the mid-sass gave the Renaissance and humanism even more momentum. Initially, the Remains seance was an upper-middle class movement, but thanks to the mechanization of printing, shopkeepers and passageway sweepers were able to afford books and articles that discussed the new ideas paste across Europe. As a result, people started to look at themselves in a new way. But what, exactly, was this new way? Examine the documents that follow and answer the question How did the Renaissance change man s view foeman ?RenaissanceRenaissance 14th-17th Century -meaner revival, also, rebirth revival of vex in ancient classical, Roman culture, humanist scholars attempted to rid feudal Europe of Church domination and conservatism -old scienc es revived, new science emerged -national languages and cultures took shape, free from Roman Church authorityart and literature flourished -began in Florence Italy, spread to all of Europe overdue to its geographic position, foreign trade and commerce developed in Italy. accumulation of wealth Rise of Humanism As wealth accumulated in Italy, an increased quest in other things.Nun, academies, libraries, study. Time and specie for things of beauty. Intellectuals freed from training of priests and spreading Christian faith, began to fiddle the views of the bourgeoisie, providing middle class with new philosophies and ideas . heart humanist philosophy The greatness of man. See page 131, Shakespeare quotation promotion of wealth, pleasure, admiration for human body medieval brooding about death and other world replaced by wager in living for resent and future progress of mankind.Literature holiday Dodecahedron-tale of 7 women and 3 men on way to escape Black Death. Witty, naugh ty, praise of true love, wisdom. Began to express the voices of modern society. Considered greatest prose achievement in medieval literature. Patriarch- Canneries book of lyrical songs. His works expressed true emotions. Art A break with medieval tradition at end of 13th c. Slowed up by Black Death. Revived former(a) 1 5th century, a straightforward break with medieval tradition. -art broke away fromChurch domination artists, considered craftsman by church, became distinct class like writers and poetsthose considered to do noble work. themes erstwhile focused on Bible, now reflected an interest/appreciation for all aspects of man and nature. Reflected naive realism in depictionmuscles, sinews, and so on . Artists studied ruins of ancient roman and Greek temples, putting many of the perceived principles of ancient civilization into their works. Also, individual collectors began to support themrather than Church exclusively. -introduced into the works, scientific theories and prin ciples of anatomy and proportion. former(a) artists Sotto?more realistic depiction of outer space Donatedsculptor, sought to intro. Ancient principles into his work, also enmeshed in anatomy for knowledge of body. David, a biblical hero in perfect proportions. High Renaissance Leonardo dada Vinci Renaissance man Scientist, architect, engineer, sculptor. Mona Lisa, Last Supper 2 of the most famous paintings in world. Scientist, architect, engineer, sculptor.Michelangelo sculptor, painter, architect, poet went beyond decoration and realism, sought freedom of expression. David, Sistine chapel Raphael Sweetness of temper, harmony, balance Series of bloody shame paintings, School of Athensdepicting Plato and Aristotle arguing, environ by audience in kind of postures. Titian Great colorist, became a model for the later modern mode of painting. Also established oil paint on canvas as the typical medium in western art Reclining Nude, inviolate and profane love.